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HCM 202 (2/2)
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HCM 409
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EPM 612 (1/2)
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ADVANCE STATICS AND ECONOMETRICS I (1/2)
MIS 601 (1/2)
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MBA 711 (2/2)
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ACC 816 (1/2)
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HSP 414
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.....
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ACC8112/2
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Title: PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Lecture Notes
Ndubuisi patience Ada
The epidemiological method used in studying a disease outbreak is a systematic approach that allows public health professionals to identify the cause, source, and mode of transmission of the disease, and to implement control measures. This method involves several key steps:
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1. Establish the existence of an outbreak
Determine whether the number of observed cases exceeds the expected number for a particular place and time.
Requires knowledge of background rates of disease (baseline data).
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2. Confirm the diagnosis
Ensure that the disease is correctly identified through clinical assessment and laboratory testing.
Helps rule out similar conditions and ensures accurate case definitions.
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3. Define and identify cases
Develop a case definition, which includes:
Clinical criteria (symptoms, signs)
Time (when it occurred)
Place (where it occurred)
Person (population affected)
Identify and count cases using methods such as active surveillance, interviews, hospital records, and laboratory data.
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4. Describe and orient the data in terms of time, place, and person (Descriptive Epidemiology)
Construct epidemic curves (time)
Create spot maps or geographic distribution (place)
Analyze affected demographics (age, sex, occupation) (person)
Helps to generate hypotheses about the cause and spread.
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5. Develop hypotheses
Based on descriptive data, propose possible sources, transmission methods, and risk factors.
For example, foodborne outbreaks may lead to a hypothesis about contaminated food items.
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6. Evaluate hypotheses (Analytical Epidemiology)
Use cohort studies (if population is defined) or case-control studies (if not defined) to test hypotheses.
Statistical tools are used to measure associations (e.g., relative risk, odds ratio).
Helps confirm the source and mode of transmission.
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7. Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies (if needed)
If initial results are inconclusive, collect more data or modify the hypothesis.
May involve laboratory studies, environmental testing, or broader field investigations.
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8. Implement control and prevention measures
Based on findings, public health interventions are carried out, such as:
Quarantine or isolation
Public warnings
Closure of facilities
Sanitation measures
Vaccination or prophylactic treatment
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9. Communicate findings
Prepare reports and communicate with stakeholders, the public, and health authorities.
Publication in scientific journals or public health bulletins ensures transparency and learning.
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Summary Table of Steps:
Step Description
1 Establish outbreak
2 Confirm diagnosis
3 Define and find cases
4 Descriptive epidemiology
5 Develop hypotheses
6 Test hypotheses (analytical studies)
7 Refine hypotheses
8 Implement control measures
9 Communicate findings
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This structured method ensures a rapid, scientific, and effective response to outbreaks, minimizing harm and guiding future prevention.
Q: 1. Discuss the epidemiological methods used in studying disease outbreaks.
2. Explain the role of public health in preventing communicable diseases.
Mark Attendance
Program Information
Details about PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
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